Growth And Development In Babies Essay - 1397 Words

Babies grow and develop at a very rapid rate during the first year of life. They grow physically, mentally, emotionally and socially. However, through this portfolio, I intend to discuss the physical growth and development patterns of the infant through their first year.To begin with, development refers to the babys increased skill in using various body parts. When dealing with the development of a child there are three basic developmental rules.First Developmental Rule:This rule states that babies develop in the head region first, then the trunk, and lastly in the legs and feet. Therefore, it is said that babies develop in a head-to-toe direction or cephalocaudally. For example, a baby can hold up their head before they can grasp an†¦show more content†¦Clearly, this is a very rapid growth rate, however, the rate of growth slows down considerably after infancy.The HeadThe head of a newborn baby is very large compared to the rest of their body. For example, compared to the babys total length of about 20 inches, the length of the head measures approximately 5 inches...which equals one-fourth of the total length.There are four pieces of bone that make up the skull. These pieces are flexible. This is so that they can move slightly while the baby is being forced down the birth canal. The four skull bones will no join until the baby is about 18 months old. The area between the quot;piecesquot;, at the top of the babys head is called the fontanel, or the quot;soft spotquot;. The flexibility of the skull gives the baby protection form concussion caused by bumps or falls. I remember being warned when my little sister was born, not to touch her head because of this quot;soft spotquot;. However, through my research, I found out that you cannot hurt a baby by touching the head gently. The Brain Even though the brain is large at birth, its development is incomplete. The part of the brain controlling posture and balance develops rapidly during the babys first year of life. EyesBabies are able to see at birth. Primarily, they notice movement. Also, research shows that newborn babies are best able to see an object that is between 5 and 18 inchesShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Breastfeeding Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants; it is also an integral part of the reproductive process with important implications for the health of mothers† Statement taken from the world health organization publication on the nutrition of exclusive breastfeeding. The first years of life are the most crucial years for brain, immune system and overall physiological development. This is why, it is extremely important to achieve optimal nutritionRead MoreToys and Activities for Babies1647 Words   |  7 PagesToys and Activities for Babies Children in general need to be safe and in addition to that their toys need to match their ages, especially their stages of development as well as their abilities. A lot of those safe further more appropriate playing materials for the children are free items which are typically found at home. There are those playing material which can be used in one way or the other by the children of various age groups. these could be playing materials such as plastic bowls, CardboardRead MoreBreastfeeding Vs. Formula Nutrition Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesAs you get ready to welcome your baby and introduce her to this world, you are flooded with thoughts of how to take care of your little one in the best possible way. You find that motherhood is not only about loving and caring, it is also about making a few conscious decisions to help your child grow in a healthy manner. One such decision is whether to breastfeed your baby or to offer her formula nutrition. Deciding between breastfeeding and formula nutrition is purely a personal choice. But as aRead MoreEffects Of Breastfeeding On Infant Development1109 Words   |  5 Pageson Infant Development as Opposed to Formula Everyday about 353,000 babies are born and there are about 255 babies born globally per minute according to Babycenter.com . Once a baby enters the world they instantly need love, care, and nurturing. Studies show that babies need love and care from their mother figure in order to survive. One way mothers show their love and care towards their brand new baby is to nurture them. This can be done by the natural way of breastfeeding or by baby formula.Read MorePregnancies And Development Of A Fetus1574 Words   |  7 Pagesweeks of a zygotes life is uncertain and as many as 30% zygotes don’t survive. Every week of a pregnancy is important to the growth and development of a baby. Have you ever thought about when a baby develops fingernails, hair or even their teeth? A baby develops in three trimesters: the most development happens within the first and the second trimester. All the while, the baby is only viable when it reaches the third trimester. Through the three trimesters each characteristic develops within a certainRead MoreDifferences Between Female And Female Babies1716 Words   |  7 Pages When a baby is first born the main concern of the parents is the development of the child; this is a crucial part of the infant’s life where the first few years of life are the most important. The rate of brain development depends on the environment around the baby including where they live and who they are growing up around. During the baby’s first year especially, the skills being developed are what will be needed and used throughout their entire life. Not all babies develop at the same rate,Read MorePregnancy and the Dangers of Drug Use1353 Words   |  6 PagesPregnancy and the Dangers of Drug Use Sarah McVicker Psychology 201 Lifespan Development Professor Sally Vyain October 7, 2007 Pregnancy and the Dangers of Drug Use It is very important for a mother to lead a healthy lifestyle when she becomes pregnant. She must eat healthy, get lots of rest, and exercise regularly. It is even more imperative that she avoids things that may harm her or potentially her baby. Amongst things she must avoid, alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs are the most vitalRead Morelullabies for little criminals1492 Words   |  6 Pagesaby: A Product of Her Environment Child development is the genetic and internal changes that occur in children during early years. There are many internal and external factors that affect a child s growth and development. The connection between a child’s environment and a child’s development are explored in Heather O Neill s lullabies for little criminals where a child named Baby becomes a product of her environment. This is explored through the early death of Baby’s mother, her being raisedRead MoreThe First Two Years : Body And Mind1299 Words   |  6 Pages1. Chapter 3 â€Å"The First Two Years: Body and Mind† section â€Å"Surviving in Good Health† is about the development of humans during their first two years of life. It explains infant survival and maternal education (Berger, 104). Studies show that educated women have healthier children due to the fact that they are much more informed about the health factors such when it comes to children. In contrast to uneducated women, educated women have less children than those who are uneducated. (Berger, 104) AnotherRead MoreEssay about Feeding formula to babies versus Breastfeeding1139 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many misconceptions today about feeding formula to babies and it being equal to breastfeeding. Breast milk is complex and species-specific; it targets growth and development of infants and provides disease protection. Both breast milk and formulas contain similar nutrients, but formulas are not an exact copy of breast milk. Formula may maintain growth and development, but it doesn’t contain hormones, live cells, immunologic agents, or enzymes, all of which are contained in breast milk.

The Social Responsibility of a Software Engineer Essay

The Social Responsibility of a Software Engineer Abstraction: The social responsibility is one of important responsibilities defined by ACM in its ethic codes for software engineer. Compare to other responsibilities, social responsibility is more remote and ambiguous. When a software engineer obtained the privilege to practice his/her right from the society, he/she is required to take corresponding responsibilities. But the definition of the responsibilities is not unified in computing professional community but heavily depended on the software engineers personal life experience and the social environment around him/her. Meanwhile, the final social effect of software is not always straightforward. In many cases, that effect is not†¦show more content†¦These responsibilities are also brought by the fact that software engineers have better understanding about their products and therefore have the duty to help to protect the society from any damage might caused by these products[6]. In general, the ACM require software engine ers to develop products that can improve the society and at least no harm to the society.[5] But ACM cannot define what the improvement or harm are. It leaves them to be defined by the society and software engineers themselves. This fact creates a big ambiguous area for software engineers when they assume their social responsibilities because software engineers may have different views regarding what is good and what is bad for society. These views do not come from their profession as software engineers but come from their social position, religions, live experience, and political opinions as an individual person under a particular social environment. BACKGROUND: Chinese Internet Environment and Case Description Contemporary China:[10] When the chaos of the Cultural Revolution came to an end in 1976, China adopted open door policy and began economic reform. Chinese economy has shifted from full-controlled plan economy to a relative free (socialist) market economy. Under this economy, enterprises need to manage themselves with market orientation. This means that enterprises have to gather market information and set up their own business relation network. As the matter of fact, theShow MoreRelatedSocial Media For Software Engineering1635 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Media for Software Engineering Social media has changed the way that people collaborate and share information. Over the past decade, researchers have given increased attention to the social aspects of software engineering, both to test hypotheses and to create tools to improve practice (e.g. team awareness tools about software development . INTRODUCTION Over the past 10 years, researchers have offered improved interest towards social aspects of software application engineering, equally toRead MoreCross-Cultural Perspectives: Evaluating the Ethical and Social Responsibility of Software Outsourcing at Oracle1116 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluating the Ethical and Social Responsibility of Software Outsourcing at Oracle Introduction The ethicacy and social responsibility involved with the development of an effective software outsourcing strategy is a dilemma many American software companies are facing today. More specifically, the ethics of paying for software to be developed in third world nations including India, Pakistan and China for use in the United States, potentially in companies whose role is critical to national defenseRead MoreMotivation in Modern ICT Industry Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pageshow they work within a software-based company, will be discussed. A software engineer can be characterized by various traits, which differ from the average employee, although they are still generally based upon the basic fundamental characteristics. In a literature review drawn up by Sarah Beecham, Nathan Baddoo, Tracy Hall, Hugh Robinson and Helen Sharp (2007), they referred to previous studies in order to compile a list of characteristics, closely related to software engineers, and similar roles.Read MoreStudent Success Exploration Paper. In This Essay It Describes My Transition From a 2Yr Community College To a Major University, All Step By Step Explanation With Facts.1733 Words   |  7 Pagesto make that right decision. At the present moment I am now currently attending Valencia Community College working towards my Associate Degree in Computer Science. My current major is Computer Science, although Computer Engineering with a focus in Software is what I will most likely pursue as my Bachelor of Arts (BA). Computer Science/Engineering is one o f the most popular and fastest growing careers today. Today, computers are used in almost every aspect of our lives: in car engines, microwave ovensRead MoreComputer Science vs Computer Engineering1748 Words   |  7 Pagesnot the only one on this dark road. Surprisingly, many other students had the same questions I had (some of them worse), so that made me feel better. I ended up choosing computer engineering with the hopes of maybe minoring in Computer Science or Software. One other reason is the fact that my sister is already a computer science undergraduate, and we don t really want two Sebastiaos on the same field. The goal is to take over the world in the different areas! But what is the difference between bothRead MoreThe Recruitment And Selection Process998 Words   |  4 Pagesfulfill, since certain sets of expertise in software engineering are able to make different types of products. 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They keep these structures safe for the people whileRead MoreResponsibilities And Duties Of An Internet Developer1127 Words   |  5 PagesRoles, Responsibilities an d Duties of an Internet Developer in an Internet Company Roles, Responsibilities and Duties of an Internet Developer in an Internet Company Internet developers, who are sometimes called Web developers, coders, full stack engineers and Web designers, assume many roles in today s competitive digital marketing and communications ecosphere that go far beyond just designing a website. These jobs include designing graphics and Web pages, user interfaces, or UIs and customerRead MoreWhat Companies Should Do For Address Or Prevent Discrimination Concerns?1606 Words   |  7 Pagespersonal experiences (for privacy reasons we have changed the individual s name) This case study is about a female engineer s struggles in the male dominated oil industry. She has suffered from major stress, anxiety, and has worked harder than any male counterpart to proof herself in this industry. Joan has worked in the oil fields for about 7 years. She started as an entry level engineer-in-training in the field and has worked her way up to management. In her experience, earning respect, and authorityRead MoreSample Resume : Campus Enrolment1174 Words   |  5 PagesI am aware that this work may be reproduced and submitted to plagiarism detection software programs for the purpose of detecting possible plagiarism (which may retain a copy on its database for future plagiarism checking) Signature:______________________________________ Note: An examiner or lecturer/tutor has the right to not mark this assignment if the above declaration has not been signed. Should Engineers and Professionals working on construction projects abide by a code of professional

Designed Governing Authorities Of Country †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Designed Governing Authorities Of Country? Answer: Introduction: The term economy refers to the production activities, demand and supply of goods and services and financial situations of a geographical location, measured in monetary terms. The goods and services, which are produced within a country and the demand-supply dynamics of the country mostly, fall under the domain of the monetary and taxation rules and regulations as designed by the governing authorities of the country. These production activities, which are accounted for in the tax regulations of a country comprises of what is known as white economy of the country. However, there runs a diametrically opposite kind of economy in almost every country of the world, which is known as the black economy (Black, Hashimzade and Myles 2012). Black Economy: Characteristics and Examples: Though most of the production activities of an economy are accounted for in the taxation accounts of a country, there are quite a number of productive activities, which though get very much carried out in an economy, but does not come under the domain if the legal framework and the taxing rules and regulations of the country. In simpler words, these activities are not accounted for in the records of the country and therefore, this portion of the economy of that particular country, tends to grow at the cost of the overall accountability of the governing authorities of the country. These activities comprise of what is known to be the black economy of the country (Alkon 2012). The term black economy, though sounds to be comprising of illegal activities only, does not necessarily be so. There are many activities in the economy, which though not conventionally illegal per se, comes under the domain of the black economy of the country, due to their inherent nature of unaccountability. For example the case of a legal worker in a transport company can be considered, who though being legal is being paid under the table to avoid taxation procedures. These types of economic activities fall under the domain of the black economy of the country along with the conventionally illegal activities like smuggling and others. Black economy comprises of a significant share of economic activities of many countries and therefore, is an issue of concern among the governing authorities, policy-makers, taxing regulators and economists across the globe (Schneider and Enste 2013). Shared Economy: Features: There are different economic frameworks existing in the global economic scenario. These frameworks have come to existence over time and after sufficient dynamics in the world economy and each of these economic frameworks has their own inherent properties and features which have different aims and implications on the society or organizations implementing these models. One such model is that of the shared economic framework (Teubner 2014). What is a Shared economy? This type of economic framework refers to a system, in which the private assets, comprising of goods and services, already owned by some individuals of the economy, can be shared with some other private individuals, in exchange of monetary benefits or shared for free, depending upon the nature of the assets and the parties involved in the sharing. This implies that in the shared economic framework, the private individuals can share their owned and under-utilized assets with those individuals who otherwise do not have the privilege to enjoy these assets but have the demand for the same (Cohen and Kietzmann 2014). The concept of this economy may seem to be very new but the shared economic framework has always been existent in the economy of the world. Over the years the framework has undergone huge dynamics to become fit for the contemporary age. However, the underlying intuition and the economic objective of the shared economic have not changed much over the years. The shared economic framework targets to make the distribution and utilization of the scarce resources of an economy more efficient by facilitating greater mobility and dynamics in their utilization and thereby maximizing the overall welfare of the residents of the concerned economy. The shared economic model, with globalization, liberalization and the recent upsurge in the usage of internet, has become even easy to implement and many of the commercial organizations across the world as well as the global economies are trying to implement this framework in their operating systems (Heinrichs 2013). Shared economy versus Traditional economy: The shared economic framework, as discussed in the above section, has gained significant attention in the recent business world, with many commercial enterprises coming in the domain of this economic framework. The main feature of this feature, as discussed in the above section, is to provide the facility of sharing already owned assets among the private individuals of an economy, in exchange of fees or for free. However, not all the commercial organizations or economies in the world are not highly in favor of this shared economic framework. The main reason of these skeptic attitudes of the business organizations, towards this particular framework, is the speculations regarding the non-feasibility and non-applicability of this conceptual framework in real economic operations (Schor 2016). These organizations, instead of the shared economic framework, believe in a more traditional type of construct for their operations. In simpler words, there are many commercial organizations who pre fer the traditional economic frameworks over that of the shared economic models to operate in the market. Unlike that of the shared economy model, the traditional economic models do not believe in the concept of sharing of privately owned assets among the private individuals of a country, in exchange of monetary benefits. Instead, the traditional economic models only allow those persons to use the benefits of an asset, who pay for the concerned asset and own it. The users become eligible to use these goods and services only for their personal and commercial benefits after paying for the assets. Therefore, the commercial organizations who follow the traditional business models, also follows this construct and targets to maximize their individual profit, which is the underlying objective of the traditional business model (Ert, Fleischer and Magen 2016). Case Study: This section of the assignment tries to analyze and interpret the features and workings of both the types of economic models and tries to see their applicability in the real economic scenario, by taking the examples of two commercial enterprises, each of which fall under the domain of the two different business frameworks. To conduct the same, the assignment takes the commercial organizations eBay and Amazon, both of which are two of the biggest players in the e-commerce market of the world and both of which have a huge share of market operations in the economy of Australia. However, the business constructs of these two organizations are different; where eBay adopts the shared economic model for its operations, the operating framework of Amazon is more of the traditional type (Hamari, Sjklint and Ukkonen 2016). With the initiation and expansion of international and interconnected commercial relations across the globe, with the advent of Globalization and liberalizing economic and trading policies in the major economies of the world, the e-commerce industry is making a significant expansion across the world. By contributing hugely to the convenience of the people all over the world and thereby increasing the number of people coming under its domain in large rates. One of the key players in the e-commerce industry, with a impressive operational network specifically in the Australian economy is that of the organization eBay (Vzina and Melin 2013). With a total asset value of 24 billion USD, the company is one of the major e-commerce organizations in the global economy, with an average income of $9 billion approximately. Founded in 1995, the enterprise now has operational base in 30 countries and employs around 12600 employees all over the world. Surprisingly, though the organization works in the e-commerce market, it does not hold any asset or inventory with it (Matzler, Veider and Kathan 2015). The company simply plays the role of an auction house, which facilitates communications and interactions between the third party buyers and sellers. With the online interface of this enterprise, the sellers display their products and the buyers bid for the same. The products sold by the sellers in eBay can be new as well as second-hand and the company therefore also facilitates trading in used commodities. The pricing strategy implemented by the company is also of the type of wholesale pricing, which gives the buyers a chance to bid. T he company, as a mediator, earns commission both from the supply side as well as the demand side (Bond 2014). As can be seen from the above discussion, the operating framework of the concerned company has huge similarity with that of the shared economic framework. The enterprise, by acting as a facilitator of communication between the buyers and the sellers across the globe, makes provision for sharing of private and already pre-owned assets of some individuals, with other private individuals, who has the demand for the same and is ready to pay fees for availing these goods and services. Problems of taxation: The e-commerce organization has gained significant popularity and clientele across the world over time, both from the seller as well as from the buyer side. With time and increasing prospects of the e-commerce industry globally, this commercial enterprise is expected to expand and prosper hugely in future. However, there has been significant debate and concern regarding the tax structures of the company, especially in the Australian economy. The main problem which the governing and the taxing authorities of the country has been facing regarding the axing mechanism for that of eBay is that of the applicability of the GST on the company. The enterprise, as has been discussed above, has been operating for quite a long time in the Australian economy and earns significantly high revenues from the country itself. However, the company being only a mediator between the third party buyers and sellers, not producing any good or service, and not keeping any warehouse or inventory itself, is not in favor of coming under the domain of the GST in the economy of Australia. The enterprise has even threatened to walk out of the economy if it is forced to come under the domain of the GST of the economy (Abdulkarimli 2015). However, the notion of the government being that eBay is another retailer in the e-commerce market; it seems to be feasible for them to impose GST on this organization also. This, if implemented, can help the government in increasing the revenues from taxation significantly due to the sheer size of company and its business extent. This issue needs to be taken care of and both the parties, the governing authority and the commercial enterprise need to come to a mutual agreement which can prove to be beneficial for both of them in the long run and thereby maximizing the welfare of the society as a whole. The above argument however shows the feasibility and applicability of the shared economic framework in the real economic scenario, as can be seen from the success of eBay despite of its limitations in the taxing framework (Shakow 2013). Amazon: Another significant player in the e-commerce market is that of the Amazon, which has been and is still one of the biggest players in the concerned industry in the international commercial framework and enjoys a huge clientele in the economy of Australia as well. Established in 1994, the company enjoys average annual revenue of around $135.96 billion and has its operation spread across all the leading economies of the world (Ritala, Golnam and Wegmann 2014). However, the business framework of the company is of a more traditional type as it owns almost all the goods and services, which it offers to the buyers across the world. Though the company involves several service providers, but the third party buyer and seller concept is not applicable for this company. The company also has a large and extensive network of warehouses and keeps inventories of goods, which they offer, to the buyers. The pricing mechanism of the company is also of that of a retail store. In simpler words, though belonging to the e-commerce industry, the mode of operation of Amazon is that of a big retailer (Laudon and Traver 2013). As can be seen from the above discussion, the company follows a traditional business framework, where the concept of sharing of privately owned goods and services among other individuals is not feasible. The objective of the company is to maximize personal profits, which also go with the basic conceptual framework of the traditional business models. Taxing issues: The first records of revenue generation of Amazon Australia, as declared by the company itself are only of $15 million, which is considerable small compared to the speculated amount which is around $250 million annually. This indicates towards the trend of the company to side step the conventional tax rate of 30% which is faced by the normal sellers in the country. The company being an online one, it becomes easy for them to hide their original revenue generated and they only show a part of their revenue and pay taxes on the displayed amount. This taxing mechanism of the company has been a matter of concern as it is hurting the economy as a whole (Nguyen, DeCenzo and Drucker 2012). Despite of the above limitations of the company, the enterprise still enjoys the position of the leading e-commerce giant in the world and in Australia and is one of the most successful examples of an organization running under the domain of the traditional business model. The issue of black economy has been one of the persistent and most bothering issues in almost all the countries of the world. The black economy being the one, which grows at the cost of the government of a country, the curbing of this phenomenon, is one of the primary targets of the governing authorities of almost all the economies in the world. With the expansion of the shared economic framework, the problem of black economy has also been increasing due to the inherent nature of the shared economy. There have been several recommendations made in the Interim Report of the Black Economy Taskforce of Australia, some of which seems to be effective to reduce this problem, if implemented correctly (Consult.treasury.gov.au, 2017). The most important ones are as follows: a) The procurement prospects should only be given to those companies in the Australian economy, which maintains a clear and good record of taxation over the years. b) Many defaulting occur unintentionally due to the absence of proper awareness regarding the taxing rules and regulations of the country, especially among the small and new commercial organizations, which are new to the taxation framework. To remove this problem, the government of the country for these small enterprises should implement proper awareness and training programs (Singh, Jain-Chandra and Mohommad 2014). c) The taxation framework and other regulatory norms should also be a little less stringent for these small and new organizations in order to encourage them. d) Companies implementing non-cash modes of payments should also be encouraged with appropriate incentives by the government, such that more companies follow their lead and implement the non-cash transaction mechanisms in their mode of operations. e) Cash transactions in the overall economy should be limited to a certain extent and non-cash transactions in the form of credit and debit card usages and account payment systems should be encouraged. f) The Phoenix Taskforce should be made active in order to reduce the black economy burden in the country (Anderson et al. 2016). g) The taxation system should be expanded appropriately. h) The threshold of the GST levels in the country should also be lowered. The above recommendations, if implemented with sincerity and monitored regularly, can help the government to achieve its goal to reduce the influence of the shared economy in increasing the burden of the black economy in Australia. References Abdulkarimli, O., 2015. Taxation of E-commerce.Baku St. UL Rev.,1, p.99. Alkon, A.H., 2012.Black, white, and green: Farmers markets, race, and the green economy(Vol. 13). University of Georgia Press. Anderson, H., Hedges, J., Ramsay, I. and Welsh, M., 2016. Illegal phoenix activity from the insolvency practitioner's perspective.Australian Restructuring Insolvency Turnaround Association Journal,28(4), p.23. Black, J., Hashimzade, N. and Myles, G. eds., 2012.A dictionary of economics. OUP Oxford. Bond, A.T., 2014. An app for that: Local governments and the rise of the sharing economy.Notre Dame L. Rev. Online,90, p.77. Cohen, B. and Kietzmann, J., 2014. Ride on! Mobility business models for the sharing economy.Organization Environment,27(3), pp.279-296. Consult.treasury.gov.au (2017). [online] Available at: https://consult.treasury.gov.au/tax...division/black-economy-taskforce/.../BE_IR.docx [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Ert, E., Fleischer, A. and Magen, N., 2016. Trust and reputation in the sharing economy: The role of personal photos in Airbnb.Tourism Management,55, pp.62-73. Hamari, J., Sjklint, M. and Ukkonen, A., 2016. The sharing economy: Why people participate in collaborative consumption.Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,67(9), pp.2047-2059. Heinrichs, H., 2013. Sharing economy: a potential new pathway to sustainability.Gaia,22(4), p.228. Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C.G., 2013.E-commerce. Pearson. Matzler, K., Veider, V. and Kathan, W., 2015. Adapting to the sharing economy.MIT Sloan Management Review,56(2), p.71. Nguyen, H., DeCenzo, M. and Drucker, M., 2012. Tax challenges for electronic-commerce activities.Journal of Applied Business Research,28(5), p.861. Ritala, P., Golnam, A. and Wegmann, A., 2014. Coopetition-based business models: The case of Amazon. com.Industrial Marketing Management,43(2), pp.236-249. Schneider, F. and Enste, D.H., 2013.The shadow economy: An international survey. Cambridge University Press. Schor, J., 2016. DEBATING THE SHARING ECONOMY.Journal of Self-Governance Management Economics,4(3). Shakow, D.J., 2013. The taxation of cloud computing and digital content.No. 4, July,22. Singh, A., Jain-Chandra, S. and Mohommad, A., 2014. Inclusive growth, institutions, and the underground economy.Human dignity and the future of global institutions, pp.103-122. Teubner, T., 2014. Thoughts on the sharing economy. InProceedings of the International Conference on e-Commerce(Vol. 11, pp. 322-326). Vzina, P.L. and Melin, H., 2013. eBay and the rise of the micro-multinationals.Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The OECD Observer, (295), p.36.

Principals of Marketing free essay sample

Suppliers Suppliers provide businesses with the materials they need to carry out their business activities. A suppliers behaviour will directly impact the business it supplies. For example if a supplier provides a poor service this could increase timescales or product quality. An increase in raw material prices will affect an organizations Marketing Mix strategy and may even force price increases. Close supplier relationships are an effective way to remain competitive and secure quality products. Shareholders As organizations require investment to grow, they may decide to raise money by floating on the stock market i. e. move from private to public ownership. The introduction of public shareholders brings new pressures as public shareholders want a return from the money they have invested in the company. Shareholder pressure to increase profits will affect organizational strategy. Relationships with shareholders need to be managed carefully as rapid short term increases in profit could detrimentally affect the long term success of the business. Media Positive media attention can â€Å"make† an organization (or its products) and negative media attention can â€Å"break† an organization. Organizations need to manage the media so that the media help promote the positive things about the organization and reduce the impact of a negative event on their reputation. Some organizations will even employ public relations (PR) consultants to help them manage a particular event or incident. Consumer television programmes with a wide and more direct audience can also have a very powerful impact on the success of an organization. Some businesses recognize this and will change their reaction when consumers mention that they are going to contact a consumer television programme or the newspapers about the business. Competitors The name of the game in marketing is differentiation. Can the organization offer benefits that are better than those offered by competitors? Does the business have a unique selling point (USP)? Competitor analysis and monitoring is crucial if an organization is to maintain or improve its position within the market. If a business is unaware of its competitors activities they will find it very difficult to â€Å"beat† their competitors. The market can move very quickly for example through a change in trading conditions, consumer behaviour or technological developments. As a business it is important to examine competitors responses to these changes so that you can maximize the impact of your response. Conclusion Businesses cannot always control micro environment factors but they should endeavour to manage them along with Macro Environment and Internal Environment factors. MACRO ENVIRONMENT A macro environment comprises the external factors that can influence a business. These factors are often out of the control or management ability of a company. Factors typically include economic, demographic, political, and technological forces in business. Economic environment The economic trends identify trends such as changes in personal disposable income, interest rates, inflation and unemployment rates. Business owners and managers often spend copious amount of time and effort to assess the overall economic environment in order to determine the number and strength of each factor. Strategies and performance reviews can help owners and managers use the macro environment factors to create a competitive advantage for their respective companies. Supply and demand General economic factors in the macro environment can include supply and demand, number of competitors in the market, availability of economic resources, and efficient production methods employed by companies. Each of these factors impact a company’s production output and potential profit margins when selling goods and services to consumers. Free market economies often have more competition because more individuals and businesses can avail themselves to the raw materials, labor, and facilities in the market. Demographics Demographics relates to information about the consumers in an economic market. This information includes statistics on consumer age, sex, race, religion, education, household size, marital status, and other similar information. Companies use this information to create products and marketing strategies to meet the needs of each consumer in the macro environment. This information also plays a role into general economic factors. Companies must be able to determine consumer supply and demand by measuring consumer income and the desire to spend money on various goods and services. Demographic Trends identify trends in population growth at relevant ages for your industry (There may be zero population growth in general but high growth in the number of people over 65), the population location. Political Trends This identifies changes in the position politicians take on issues. A current example is a shift towards greener policies in the developed world. Technological Trends: The macro technological environment analysis will identify changes in the application of technology. A current example is a shift towards online transactions and in some areas a shift away from online transactions. Legal Trends The macro legal environment analysis is closely linked to the political environment (politicians tend to make the laws), but also includes trends in court decisions – such as liability compensation. Social/Cultural Trends The macro social/cultural environment analysis will identify trends in society’s beliefs, behaviors, values and norms such as the number of part time workers, attitudes towards global warming and makeup of the family structure.